The Rise of Nationalist Movements essays

The Rise of Nationalist Movements essays In the rise of nationalist movements and modern nation-states in the 20th century, women are actively participating in the movement for liberation. Throughout the world, much of the liberation of former European colonies and creation of new states stemmed from the active role women took in the struggle for independence. The documents included in this question relate to how the role of women has changed and how it has stayed the same. In the documents, women of different nations individually speak out on issues such as equality, social responsibility, and the traditional cultural views on women. One group of documents - #1, #4 – relates the view that the participation of women in their country's liberation enables them to achieve equality in their standing with men. According to "An Indian Freedom Fighter Recalls Her Life," (#1) Manmohini Zutshi Saghal recalls that the satyagraha, the nonviolent resistance approach developed by Gandhi, included women and thus allowed them to participate in processions and Congressional meetings. Teodora Ignacia Gomes (#4) of the African Party for Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde in 1974 makes clear that women need to participate in the national struggle for independence in order to achieve their self liberation. Manmohini, a participant in the Indian struggle for independence, portrays the role of Indian women as restricted before the movement of 1930 – 1932. The success of the satyagraha lay in the fact that Indian women were allowed to participate in the liberation movement of India. The traditional cultural gender role of women was to stay home, except to visit relatives or attend religious festivals. For women, the opportunity to "leave their homes and walk in a procession was a big step forward." Teodora Ignacia Gomes argues the point that women need to participate in constructing a society free of exploitation so that they are liberated from the bonds traditional ge...

SiRNA and miRNA Essay Example

SiRNA and miRNA Essay Example SiRNA and miRNA Essay SiRNA and miRNA Essay SiRNA (small interfering RNA) belongs to a class of 20-25 nucleotide-long and double-stranded RNA molecules. It is known that siRNA plays important role in biological processes. For example, it is involved in the interference of RNA pathway and is responsible for expression of a specific gene there. Additionally, its role is to act in RNAi-related pathway. It means that siRNA acts as antiviral mechanism shaping the chromatin structure of a genome. It is necessary to admit that siRNA has a well defined structure. It is a short double-strand of RNA having overhangs on both ends. SiRNA’s strands have 5’ phosphate group and 3’ hydroxyl group. Biologists claim that siRNA’s structure results from the processing by dicer (i.e. enzyme being responsible for converting long dsRNAs and small hairpin RNAs into siRNAs). Transfection methods are involved to make siRNAs be introduced into cells with the purpose to cause knockdown of a gene of interest. Therefore, siRNA p lays important role in gene expressions and validation of drug target. First siRNA was discovered as a past of â€Å"post-transcriptional gene silencing†, whereas miRNA was discovered as a part of primary microRNA   Comparing siRNA and miRNA, siRNA is a short inferring RNA being generated mostly in vitro or can be synthesized, whereas miRNA is a short double-stranded RNA molecule resulted from dicing long pre-miRNA molecules. Actually, miRNA differs from siRNA as it is obtained from single-stranded RNA precursors. Additionally, in contrast to siRNA, miRNA shows only partial complementary to mRNA targets. MirNA is known to perform wide range of functions; especially it is responsible for cell growth and adoptosis as well as for cell development, insulin secretion and neuronal remodeling. MiRNAs are implicated in diseases. Both siRNA and miRNA are able to regulate expression of a specific gene, though miRNA regulates it at the level of translational inhibition. Finally, it is admitted that miRNA can also guide mRNA in a similar way to siRNA. Loewenstein, Werner. Molecular Information, Cell Communication, and the Foundations of Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Criminal law problem question Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal law problem question - Case Study Example . . so as the party wounded, or hurt, et cetera, die of the wound or hurt, et cetera, within a year and a day after the same." In order for Eve to have the actus reus required for murder or manslaughter in the events in question, she must have voluntarily and unlawfully committed an act or omission that caused, with no intervening act or event, the death of Brian, Fred and/or Ginger. Firstly, the act or omission of the accused must have been voluntary (Hill v Baxter). This means that the accused must be 'of sound memory'. For example, if the accused drives their car off the road and hits a pedestrian, killing them, during an epileptic fit, this would make the act involuntary, as the accused was not 'of sound memory'. An involuntary act is also one that is being forced upon the accused. For instance, if a loaded gun is being held to the head of the accused and the person wielding the gun threatens to shoot the accused if he or she does not perform the act, this act is involuntary. The voluntary act committed by the accused must also be unlawful. In the case of murder or manslaughter, justifiable homicide is one committed in self-defence or in the defence of another. Other justifiable homicides exist when the killing was committed in war or in the prevention of the commission of a crime (eg: a police officer shooting a bank robber). Therefore, the voluntary act must have been committed under none of the aforementioned justifiable situations. It needs to be done unlawfully. Most importantly, an act must have been committed. An act is a bodily movement, such as the exertion of energy or force that produces an effect. An act includes an omission in the case of manslaughter. However, an omission can only be considered as part of the actus reus if the accused owed a duty of care to the victim and breached that duty by failing to act. A duty of care may arise in the following cases - when the accused is the carer of a child or dependant; when the accused is the cause of the danger; when the accused has already assumed a responsibility of a duty of care; and, when the accused fails to get medical help. The voluntary, unlawful act must have caused the death of the victim. Causation is a necessary condition for any form of homicide. The element of causation can be deduced using the 'but for test' - 'But for' not having acted, the death would not have occurred (Smith v Hogan). However, the action or omission must not only have contributed to the death but must be a sufficiently substantial and operating cause and have not been interrupted by an intervening act by a third party or event (novus actus interveniens). A novus actus interveniens breaks the chain of causation. When the chain of causation is broken, the accused cannot be held accountable for the death of the victim. However, this novus actus interveniens must not be a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the initial act or omission of the accused. Any act or event which is a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the initial act or omission of the accused does not break the chain of causation. When the above mentioned elements of a crime are satisfied, this constitutes the actus reus for murder (except in the case of omission, when it can only be manslaughter). In the following cases, the victims Brian, Fred and Ginger, are all fatally injured in the course of events that implicate Eve for murder or manslaughter. Brian In order for Eve to have the